"Prisoners experienced their relationships with officers more positively in newer units and in units with a lower percentage of double cells," the authors write. The analysis also turned up a significant relationship between the perceptions and two more specific variables, age of construction and double bunks. When compared with prisoners in panopticon layouts, prisoners in campus layouts were most positive about these relationships. Prisoners in radial, courtyard, rectangular, and high-rise layouts had an increasingly positive judgment about officer-prisoner relationships. Prisoners in panopticon layouts were least positive about their relationships with officers. But if they were enjoying campus-style living arrangements or apartment-style high-rises, they perceived the relationships as more supportive. Two other styles, campus and rectangular layouts, are not "clearly linked to a specific construction period and/or penal philosophy."Īfter controlling for age, ethnicity, intimate relationships at the time of arrest, education level, personality traits, criminal histories, and officer-to-inmate ratios, the authors discovered that their hunch was correct. If the prisoners were housed in leaky dungeon-like panopticons, they tended to feel more estranged from guards.
With a swelling inmate population and "several successful escapes," the Dutch built courtyard-style prisons and more radial structures between 19. In this setup, cell units are oriented around a "central inspection center."Īdditional prisons were built between 19, and focused more heavily on "rehabilitation and reintegration." This is when high-rise buildings, with "multiple small stacked pavilions" and "communal living rooms," came into vogue. The radial layout and its long corridors were also popular during this period and inspired by the "principle of keeping prisoners in solitary confinement." "Separating prisoners and preventing prisoners from communicating with each other was thought to lead to self-reflection and remorse and, ultimately, to moral elevation," the authors write.
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